How to Calculate Network Load and Hop Count in NS2

To calculate the network load and hop count within NS2 (Network Simulator 2), we can be estimated the trace file generated during a simulation. These parameters deliver the insight into the traffic managed by the network and the number of intermediate nodes a packet passes via from origin to end. The following is a significant procedure to calculate the network load and hop count within NS2:

Steps to calculate network load and hop count in NS2:

  1. Calculating Network Load:

Network load signifies the total traffic or data processed by the network. It can compute as the sum of all data sent over the network that normally assessed in bits per second (bps).

Formula for Network Load:

Network Load=Total Data Sent (bits)Simulation Time (seconds)\text{Network Load} = \frac{\text{Total Data Sent (bits)}}{\text{Simulation Time (seconds)}}Network Load=Simulation Time (seconds)Total Data Sent (bits)​

Steps to Calculate Network Load:

  • Total Data Sent: It is the total number of bits are sent by all nodes in the network that contains transmitted and forwarded packets.
  • Simulation Time: It is the duration of the simulation, from the first to the last transmission event.

Example Tcl Script for NS2 Simulation:

The following is an example Tcl script, which configures a basic network simulation.

# Create a new simulator instance

set ns [new Simulator]

# Open trace file to record events

set tracefile [open trace.tr w]

$ns trace-all $tracefile

# Create two nodes

set node1 [$ns node]

set node2 [$ns node]

# Define UDP agents and traffic source

set udp [new Agent/UDP]

set null [new Agent/Null]

$ns attach-agent $node1 $udp

$ns attach-agent $node2 $null

# Connect the nodes

$ns connect $udp $null

# Define CBR traffic source

set cbr [new Application/Traffic/CBR]

$cbr attach-agent $udp

$cbr set packetSize_ 512

$cbr set rate_ 1Mb

# Schedule traffic start and stop times

$ns at 1.0 “$cbr start”

$ns at 5.0 “$cbr stop”

# Define finish procedure

proc finish {} {

global ns tracefile

$ns flush-trace

close $tracefile

exit 0

}

# Schedule end of simulation

$ns at 6.0 “finish”

# Run the simulation

$ns run

Steps for Network Load Calculation:

  1. Trace File Analysis: The trace file records every packet transmission event. We require to estimate the trace file to count the total number of bytes are transmitted by each node during the simulation.
  2. Bash Script to Calculate Network Load: We can be used a Bash script to estimate the network load rely on the total data sent.

# Count the number of packets sent by node1 (or any node)

sent_packets=$(grep “^s” trace.tr | grep “_1_” | wc -l)

# Packet size in bytes (512 bytes)

packet_size=512

# Convert packet size to bits (1 byte = 8 bits)

packet_size_bits=$(echo “$packet_size * 8” | bc)

# Calculate total data sent in bits

total_data_sent=$(echo “$sent_packets * $packet_size_bits” | bc)

# Simulation time in seconds (example: 5 seconds)

simulation_time=5

# Calculate network load in bits per second (bps)

network_load=$(echo “scale=2; $total_data_sent / $simulation_time” | bc)

echo “Network Load: $network_load bps”

  1. Calculating Hop Count:

Hop count denotes the number of intermediate nodes a packet passes via to attain its end. In NS2, the hop count is ascertained by the number of nodes a packet traverses among the origin and end.

Steps to Calculate Hop Count:

  1. Trace File Analysis for Hop Count: The trace file records the events when packets are sent (s), forwarded (f), and received (r). To estimate the hop count, we can be traced the packet’s path via the network from the origin to the end.
  2. Bash Script to Calculate Hop Count: We can use a script to extort the number of times a packet is forwarded among the source and destination. Each forward event counts as one hop.

# Extract packet forwarding events (forwarded packets are marked with “f”)

forwarded_packets=$(grep “^f” trace.tr | wc -l)

# Extract packet received events (received packets are marked with “r”)

received_packets=$(grep “^r” trace.tr | wc -l)

# Calculate the average hop count per packet

if [ $received_packets -gt 0 ]; then

avg_hop_count=$(echo “scale=2; $forwarded_packets / $received_packets” | bc)

echo “Average Hop Count: $avg_hop_count”

else

echo “No packets received.”

fi

In the above script:

  • forwarded_packets counts the number of times packets were forwarded.
  • received_packets counts the number of packets received at the end.
  • avg_hop_count provides the average hop count per packet by dividing the number of forwarded packets by the number of received packets.

Summary:

  1. Network Load Calculation:
    • Examine the trace file to assess the total data are sent in bits.
    • Divide the total data sent by the replication time to obtain the network load in bits per second (bps).
  2. Hop Count Calculation:
    • Trace the packet forwarding events in the trace file.
    • Divide the total forwarded packets by the number of received packets to estimate the average hop count.

We had clearly demonstrated the step-by-step procedure with some relevant examples and summary are supports to calculate the Network load and hop count within NS2 tool. Also, we will be provided further informations concerning this topic, if required.

To Calculate Network Load and Hop Count in NS2 tool it is advisable to get experts solution stay in touch with us we will help you with best results and on time delivery.