How to Implement End to End Encryption in NS2

To implement the End-to-End encryption (E2EE) in ns2, this method make sure that the data deliver amongst parties is encrypted on the server’s side and can be decrypted on the receiver’s side. We have replicate the end-to-end encryption by including encryption and decryption logic at the application layer because of ns2 can’t directly support advanced encryption algorithms like AES or RSA. Follow the below procedure to accomplish this in the network using ns2:

Steps to Implement End-to-End Encryption in NS2

To replicate end-to-end encryption in NS2, you can:

  1. Encrypt the data before sending it by altering the application layer.
  2. Decrypt the data at the receiving application.
  3. Make sure that intermediate nodes can only forward encrypted packets without being able to decrypt them.

This simulation does not involve real cryptographic functions, yet you can approximate encryption by manipulating the payload data and making certain that intermediate nodes cannot access the plaintext data.

  1. Set Up NS2 Environment

Make certain that you have NS2 is installed and configured. We will simulate encryption at the application layer, where data will be “encrypted” before transmission and “decrypted” at the receiver.

  1. Encryption/Decryption Logic

You can simulate encryption and decryption by:

  • Encrypting: Changing the plaintext message into an unreadable format (such as reversing the string or altering characters).
  • Decrypting: Relapsing the “encrypted” data back into its actual format at the receiving node.
  1. Create a TCL Script for End-to-End Encryption

Here’s a basic example of how to implement end-to-end encryption in NS2 by encrypting data before it is sent and decrypting it at the receiver.

Example TCL Script for End-to-End Encryption:

# Create a new NS2 simulator

set ns [new Simulator]

# Open trace and NAM output files

set tracefile [open end_to_end_encryption.tr w]

$ns trace-all $tracefile

set namfile [open end_to_end_encryption.nam w]

$ns namtrace-all $namfile

# Define wireless network parameters

set val(chan)   Channel/WirelessChannel

set val(prop)   Propagation/TwoRayGround

set val(ant)    Antenna/OmniAntenna

set val(netif)  Phy/WirelessPhy

set val(mac)    Mac/802_11

set val(ifq)    Queue/DropTail/PriQueue

set val(ifqlen) 50

set val(ll)     LL

set val(rp)     AODV                       ;# Use AODV routing protocol

set val(x)      1000

set val(y)      1000

set val(num_nodes) 3                       ;# Number of nodes

# Create topography for the network

set topo [new Topography]

$topo load_flatgrid $val(x) $val(y)

# Configure node parameters

$ns node-config -adhocRouting $val(rp) \

-llType $val(ll) \

-macType $val(mac) \

-ifqType $val(ifq) \

-ifqLen $val(ifqlen) \

-antType $val(ant) \

-propType $val(prop) \

-phyType $val(netif) \

-channelType $val(chan) \

-topoInstance $topo \

-agentTrace ON \

-routerTrace ON \

-macTrace ON

# Create nodes and set initial positions

set node0 [$ns node]  ;# Source node

set node1 [$ns node]  ;# Intermediate node (just forwarding encrypted packets)

set node2 [$ns node]  ;# Destination node

$node0 set X_ 100

$node0 set Y_ 100

$node0 set Z_ 0

$node1 set X_ 300

$node1 set Y_ 300

$node1 set Z_ 0

$node2 set X_ 500

$node2 set Y_ 500

$node2 set Z_ 0

# Simulate encryption function (e.g., simple string reversal for illustration)

proc encrypt {plaintext} {

set encrypted [string reverse $plaintext]

return $encrypted

}

# Simulate decryption function (reverse the encrypted string back to plaintext)

proc decrypt {encrypted} {

set decrypted [string reverse $encrypted]

return $decrypted

}

# Function to simulate end-to-end encryption: encrypt the message at the source

proc application_layer_send {src_node msg} {

set encrypted_msg [encrypt $msg]

puts “Sending encrypted message: $encrypted_msg”

set udp [new Agent/UDP]

$ns attach-agent $src_node $udp

return $udp

}

# Function to decrypt the message at the destination

proc application_layer_receive {encrypted_msg} {

set decrypted_msg [decrypt $encrypted_msg]

puts “Received decrypted message: $decrypted_msg”

return $decrypted_msg

}

# Simulate traffic from node0 to node2 via node1 (with encryption)

set udp0 [application_layer_send $node0 “Hello World!”]

# Intermediate node (node1) just forwards the encrypted packet, no decryption

set null1 [new Agent/Null]

$ns attach-agent $node1 $null1

$ns connect $udp0 $null1

# At the destination (node2), decrypt the message

set udp2 [new Agent/UDP]

$ns attach-agent $node2 $udp2

$ns connect $udp0 $udp2

# Create application traffic (CBR) and send it from node0 to node2

set cbr0 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]

$cbr0 set packetSize_ 512

$cbr0 set rate_ 1Mb

$cbr0 attach-agent $udp0

# Schedule the encryption and transmission

$ns at 1.0 “$cbr0 start”

$ns at 2.0 “application_layer_receive [decrypt \”Hello World!\”]”  ;# Decrypt at the destination

$ns at 9.0 “$cbr0 stop”

# Schedule simulation end

$ns at 10.0 “finish”

# Finish procedure to close trace and NAM files

proc finish {} {

global ns tracefile namfile

$ns flush-trace

close $tracefile

close $namfile

exec nam end_to_end_encryption.nam &

exit 0

}

# Run the simulation

$ns run

  1. Explanation of Key Components
  • Encryption and Decryption: The encrypt function replicates encrypting a message by reversing its string (as a simple example). The decrypt function converses it again to restore the original message.
  • Application Layer:
    • application_layer_send imitates sending the message after encryption at the source node (node0).
    • application_layer_receive decrypts the message at the destination node (node2).
  • Intermediate Node (node1): This node only dispatches the encrypted packet and does not try to decrypt it, making sure that only the source and destination nodes have access to the message in plaintext.
  1. Run the Simulation

Store the script as end_to_end_encryption.tcl and run it in NS2:

ns end_to_end_encryption.tcl

You can visualize the traffic in NAM, after the simulation is done:

nam end_to_end_encryption.nam

  1. Simulation Output

During the simulation, the console will display the encrypted and decrypted messages like:

Sending encrypted message: !dlroW olleH

Received decrypted message: Hello World!

  1. Advanced Features for End-to-End Encryption

You can optimize the simulation by:

  • Realistic Encryption Algorithms: Replicate more realistic encryption (such as using base64 encoding or simple XOR operations) rather than just reversing strings.
  • Key Management: Replicate key exchange or management, where the sender and receiver interchange keys securely to operate encryption and decryption.
  • Authentication: Add message authentication codes (MACs) to ensure that the message was not tampered with in transit.
  • Dynamic Encryption: Encrypt data dynamically in terms of the session or message, with modifying keys or encryption techniques.

The given detailed process had presented the valuable instructions regarding the implementation of End-to-End Encryption that will be executed in ns2 environment. You can be able to attach the latest functionalities into the simulation as per your requirements.

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