How to Implement Interoperability D2D in NS2

To implement the Interoperability Device-to-Device in NS2, we have to simulate the direct communication amongst devices without depending on an intermediary base station or direct point by the way of cellular networks or wireless LANs. It is frequently used in LTE/5G networks and is important for improving spectrum efficiency, decreasing latency and assisting applications includes proximity services (ProSe), ad-hoc networking, and emergency communication.

Due to NS2 mainly developed for MANETs (Mobile Ad Hoc Networks) and wireless networks that is alike to D2D communication. We have to execute direct communication amongst nodes with capable routing interoperability (for instance: using various wireless standards, protocols or interfaces).

Key Elements for Implementing D2D in NS2:

  1. Direct communication amongst devices (nodes) without intermediate infrastructure.
  2. Interoperability amidst various devices, possibly using numerous communication protocols or interfaces (like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, LTE, etc.).
  3. Routing protocol that assists D2D communication (like AODV, DSR, etc.).

Follow the step-by-step approach to implementing D2D Interoperability in NS2:

Step-by-Step Implementation:

  1. NS2 Setup for D2D Communication

Start by configuring a simplified NS2 scenario that has wireless nodes that will replicate devices interacting directly (D2D). We will use AODV (Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector) routing protocol to facilitate communication amongst devices.

# Create NS2 simulator instance

set ns [new Simulator]

# Open trace files to log the simulation

set tracefile [open “d2d_interoperability.tr” w]

set namfile [open “d2d_interoperability.nam” w]

$ns trace-all $tracefile

$ns namtrace-all-wireless $namfile 500 500  ;# Define a 500×500 grid for visualization

# Define a wireless channel for communication

set chan_1_ [new Channel/WirelessChannel]

# Create a topography for wireless communication

set topo [new Topography]

$topo load_flatgrid 500 500

# Configure network layer properties

set prop [new Propagation/TwoRayGround]

set netif [new Phy/WirelessPhy]

set mac [new Mac/802_11]      ;# Simulating Wi-Fi communication

set ll [new LL]

set ifq [new Queue/DropTail/PriQueue]

set ant [new Antenna/OmniAntenna]

# Define node configuration for D2D communication

$ns node-config -adhocRouting AODV \

-llType $ll \

-macType $mac \

-ifqType $ifq \

-ifqLen 50 \

-antType $ant \

-propType $prop \

-phyType $netif \

-channel $chan_1_ \

-topoInstance $topo

  1. Defining D2D Nodes

Now, State a set of wireless nodes (devices) that will communicate directly with one another. These nodes will behave like mobile devices take part in D2D communication.

# Create D2D nodes (devices)

set node1 [$ns node]

set node2 [$ns node]

set node3 [$ns node]

set node4 [$ns node]

# Position the nodes in the simulation space

$node1 set X_ 100

$node1 set Y_ 100

$node1 set Z_ 0

$node2 set X_ 200

$node2 set Y_ 200

$node2 set Z_ 0

$node3 set X_ 300

$node3 set Y_ 300

$node3 set Z_ 0

$node4 set X_ 400

$node4 set Y_ 400

$node4 set Z_ 0

  1. Interoperability: Multiple Protocols

Mimic interoperability amongst devices using various communication protocols by setting up several nodes to use multiple network interfaces (such as Wi-Fi and LTE). Though, in NS2, this will require manually stating two different set ups for each group of devices (for instance: Wi-Fi devices and LTE devices).

For this basic simulation, we’ll simulate Wi-Fi communication for one group of nodes and manually generate interoperability amongst them by handling packet routing amidst these devices.

For instance, you can set up one node (say, node4) to behave like a device with a various communication interface:

# Node 4 uses a different MAC protocol to simulate LTE communication

$ns node-config -macType Mac/LTE

  1. Traffic Setup for D2D Communication

Next, set up direct communication (D2D traffic) amidst devices. You can use UDP for real-time data communication and TCP for dependable communication.

Example: UDP Communication Between node1 and node2

# Create UDP agent for D2D communication

set udp1 [new Agent/UDP]

set null1 [new Agent/Null]

# Attach UDP agent to node1 (device 1) and null agent to node2 (device 2)

$ns attach-agent $node1 $udp1

$ns attach-agent $node2 $null1

# Connect UDP agent to null agent (representing direct D2D communication)

$ns connect $udp1 $null1

# Configure CBR (Constant Bit Rate) traffic on UDP

set cbr1 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]

$cbr1 attach-agent $udp1

$cbr1 set packetSize_ 512

$cbr1 set rate_ 100Kb  ;# Define data rate for D2D communication

# Start communication between node1 and node2

$ns at 1.0 “$cbr1 start”

$ns at 10.0 “$cbr1 stop”

Example: TCP Communication Between node3 and node4

# Create TCP agent for reliable communication

set tcp3 [new Agent/TCP]

set tcpSink4 [new Agent/TCPSink]

# Attach TCP agent to node3 (device 3) and TCP Sink to node4 (device 4)

$ns attach-agent $node3 $tcp3

$ns attach-agent $node4 $tcpSink4

# Connect TCP agent to TCP Sink (representing direct D2D communication)

$ns connect $tcp3 $tcpSink4

# Configure FTP application for TCP communication

set ftp [new Application/FTP]

$ftp attach-agent $tcp3

# Start TCP communication between node3 and node4

$ns at 2.0 “$ftp start”

$ns at 15.0 “$ftp stop”

  1. Simulate Mobility for D2D Devices

For mobile D2D communication, configure mobility models for nodes. This permits devices to travel inside the network while upholding direct communication.

# Define mobility for node1 and node2

$node1 setdest 250 250 20   ;# Node1 moves to new position (250, 250) at speed 20 m/s

$node2 setdest 350 350 15   ;# Node2 moves to new position (350, 350) at speed 15 m/s

  1. Running the Simulation

Set up the simulation duration and begin the simulation. At the end, terminate the simulation and close the trace files.

# Set the simulation end time

$ns at 20.0 “finish”

# Finish procedure to end the simulation

proc finish {} {

global ns tracefile namfile

$ns flush-trace

close $tracefile

close $namfile

exit 0

}

# Run the simulation

$ns run

  1. Analyzing the Results

Once it is completed, estimate the D2D communication’s performance by assessing the trace files. Look at metrics like:

  • Throughput: The total of data successfully transmitted amongst devices.
  • Packet delay: The time taken for packets to travel amidst devices.
  • Packet loss: Lost packets because of mobility or interruption.
  • Routing performance: How efficiently AODV or other routing protocols manage direct D2D communication.

This procedure contains the valuable insights like how to set up the simulation and replicating numerous nodes for D2D communication regarding the implementation of Interoperability Device-to-Device (D2D) in the ns2 tool. For further process, we will deliver the additional details on this approach for you.

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