How to Implement Location Based Networks in ns2

To implement the Location-Based Networks in ns2, we have to generate a network that nodes which adjusts their activities according to their geographic location. It is certainly useful in environments like mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs), vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs), or sensor networks where node location affects routing, data dissemination, or network performance.

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Step-by-Step Implementation:

  1. Understand Location-Based Network Components:
  • Nodes with Location Awareness: Nodes that can define their geographic location, commonly simulated in NS2 with static or dynamic positioning.
  • Location-Based Protocols: Protocols that generate routing or data dissemination decisions based on node locations.
  • Geographic Routing: Routing techniques that use the positions of nodes to state the next hop or optimal path.
  1. Set Up the NS2 Environment:
  • Make sure that ns2 is properly installed and configured.
  • Make clear yourself with writing TCL scripts, as NS2 simulations are controlled via TCL.
  1. Define the Network Topology:
  • Generate nodes that indicates the devices in the network and allocate them geographic coordinates.

# Define the simulator

set ns [new Simulator]

 

# Create a trace file for analysis

set tracefile [open out.tr w]

$ns trace-all $tracefile

# Create a NAM file for animation

set namfile [open out.nam w]

$ns namtrace-all-wireless $namfile 10

# Set up the network parameters

set opt(chan)   Channel/WirelessChannel      ;# Wireless channel for location-aware nodes

set opt(prop)   Propagation/TwoRayGround     ;# Propagation model

set opt(netif)  Phy/WirelessPhy              ;# Network interface type

set opt(mac)    Mac/802_11                   ;# MAC type for wireless communication

set opt(ifq)    Queue/DropTail/PriQueue      ;# Interface queue type

set opt(ll)     LL                           ;# Link layer type

set opt(ant)    Antenna/OmniAntenna          ;# Antenna model

set opt(ifqlen) 50                           ;# Queue size

set opt(x)      1000                         ;# X dimension of the topography

set opt(y)      1000                         ;# Y dimension of the topography

set opt(adhocRouting) AODV                   ;# Ad hoc routing protocol

# Create a topography object

create-god 10

# Configure the nodes (e.g., location-aware nodes)

$ns node-config -adhocRouting $opt(adhocRouting) \

-llType $opt(ll) \

-macType $opt(mac) \

-ifqType $opt(ifq) \

-ifqLen $opt(ifqlen) \

-antType $opt(ant) \

-propType $opt(prop) \

-phyType $opt(netif) \

-channelType $opt(chan) \

-topoInstance $topo \

-agentTrace ON \

-routerTrace ON \

-macTrace OFF \

-movementTrace ON

# Create location-aware nodes

set node1 [$ns node]  ;# Location-Aware Node 1

set node2 [$ns node]  ;# Location-Aware Node 2

set node3 [$ns node]  ;# Location-Aware Node 3

set node4 [$ns node]  ;# Location-Aware Node 4

# Set initial positions for the nodes

$node1 set X_ 100.0

$node1 set Y_ 200.0

$node1 set Z_ 0.0

$node2 set X_ 300.0

$node2 set Y_ 500.0

$node2 set Z_ 0.0

$node3 set X_ 500.0

$node3 set Y_ 800.0

$node3 set Z_ 0.0

$node4 set X_ 700.0

$node4 set Y_ 900.0

$node4 set Z_ 0.0

  1. Implement Location-Based Routing:
  • Execute routing decisions as per the node positions. For instances, nodes can pick the next hop based on proximity to the destination.

# Example of location-based routing using simple proximity rule

proc location_based_routing {src dst} {

global ns

# Get the coordinates of the source and destination nodes

set src_x [$src set X_]

set src_y [$src set Y_]

set dst_x [$dst set X_]

set dst_y [$dst set Y_]

# Calculate the distance between the source and destination

set distance [expr sqrt(($dst_x – $src_x)*($dst_x – $src_x) + ($dst_y – $src_y)*($dst_y – $src_y))]

puts “Distance from $src to $dst is $distance”

# Decide the next hop based on proximity (this is a simplified example)

if {$distance < 300.0} {

puts “Node $src decides to send directly to $dst”

$ns at [expr $ns now + 0.1] “$src send_packet_to $dst”

} else {

puts “Node $src decides to find a closer node to $dst”

# Implement logic to find the closest node and forward the packet

# (In a real scenario, you’d implement a more sophisticated algorithm)

}

}

# Start location-based routing from Node 1 to Node 4

$ns at 1.0 “location_based_routing $node1 $node4”

  1. Simulate Mobility (Optional):
  • If your scenario has mobile nodes, execute node mobility and update their locations dynamically.

# Example of node mobility simulation

proc move_node {node new_x new_y} {

global ns

$node setdest $new_x $new_y 10.0  ;# Move to new position with speed 10 units/sec

puts “Moving node $node to new position ($new_x, $new_y)”

}

# Schedule node movements

$ns at 2.0 “move_node $node1 400.0 600.0”

$ns at 3.0 “move_node $node2 600.0 800.0”

  1. Implement Data Transmission Based on Location:
  • Control the data flow amongst nodes by using the location-based routing decisions.

# Node 1 sends data to Node 4, using location-based routing

set tcp_node1 [new Agent/TCP]

$ns attach-agent $node1 $tcp_node1

set tcp_node4_sink [new Agent/TCPSink]

$ns attach-agent $node4 $tcp_node4_sink

$ns connect $tcp_node1 $tcp_node4_sink

# Start sending data from Node 1 to Node 4

set app_node1 [new Application/FTP]

$app_node1 attach-agent $tcp_node1

$ns at 4.0 “$app_node1 start”

  1. Run the Simulation:
  • State when the simulation should complete and run it. The finish procedure will close the trace files and introduce NAM for visualization.

# Define the finish procedure

proc finish {} {

global ns tracefile namfile

$ns flush-trace

close $tracefile

close $namfile

exec nam out.nam &

exit 0

}

# Schedule the finish procedure at 10 seconds

$ns at 10.0 “finish”

# Run the simulation

$ns run

  1. Analyze the Results:
  • Use the trace file (out.tr) to evaluate how location-based routing impacted data transfers and network performance.
  • Open the NAM file (out.nam) to visualize the network operations and monitor the interactions amongst nodes according to their locations.
  1. Customize and Extend:
  • Tailor the simulation by:
    • Launching more difficult location-based algorithms includes geographic routing protocols like GPSR (Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing).
    • Simulating various scenarios like changing node densities, dynamic environments, or obstacles that influence connectivity.

Example Summary:

This simulation will build a primary Location-Based Networking simulation in NS2, concentrating on routing decisions depends on the node positions. The simulation demonstrates how geographic information can be used to enhance routing and data transfers in a network.

Advanced Considerations:

  • For more difficult scenarios, consider combining NS2 with specialized tools or configuring custom modules to replicate latest location-based strategies like VANETs, where vehicle speed and road topology play vital roles in routing.
  • Add advanced functionalities like location-based Quality of Service (QoS) management, security (e.g., location-aware encryption), or energy-efficient routing based on distance by expanding the simulation.

Debugging and Optimization:

  • Debug the simulation and evaluate how location-based features impacts packet flows using trace all command.
  • Improve the simulation by refining location-based algorithms, modifying mobility models, and tuning network parameters for better performance and efficiency.

The above network simulation is all about the implementation of Location Based Network. It can be achieved by defining the network topology and simulating routing protocols and data transmissions using ns2 environment. It is very useful in ad hoc networks.