theof measured data under sinusoidal excitation. Although the hysteresis models and loss separation approach can lead to satisfactory results, they require extensive computations and measurement works. Empirical approach enables loss determination with manufacturer-provided data with an easy way to use expression. The Impact of Perceived Privacy Breach on Sustainability of Social Networking Sites Nowadays, Steinmetz equation is widely used in the design of magnetic components in power converters, which expresses core loss density as power law with fixed exponent of frequency The Impact of Perceived Privacy Breach on Sustainability of Social Networking Sites and flux density where K, α, and β are constants provided by the manufacturer, and ΔB is the peak-to-peak flux density that can be obtained from Faraday’s law where N is the number of turns, Ae is the cross section of the core, means volt-seconds. However is only valid for sinusoidal waveform, and in some cases, loss for nonsinusoidal waveform can far exceed the loss due to sinusoidal ones, even when the frequencies and the peak flux densities are both equal. Reference has proven that core loss can lead to an error of up to in relation to the measured results for an H-bridge converter case operating with square waveform with zero-voltage period. In order to deal with any waveforms, some modified expressions including modified Steinmetz expression MSE generalized Steinmetz equation GSE improved GSE natural Steinmetz extension equivalent elliptical loop and waveform coefficient Steinmetz equation were introduced. A complete comparison among these modified empirical methods for a bidirectional isolation dc–dc converter shows that the MSE and the IGSE have the best loss determination; however, the IGSE copes better with a wide variety of voltage waveform are determined by equating the loss expression for a sinusoidal excitation case with The anglerepresents the phase angle of the sinusoidal waveform. Applying a piecewise linear model PWL to the nonsinusoidal waveform and then combining it with the IGSE leads to an easy-to-use expression for the determination of core loss. Furthermore, it is believed that the IGSE is the most practical method for calculating core loss with nonsinusoidal waveforms in most high-frequency magnetic design work, because it requires only readily available sinusoidal loss data, in the form of parameters for the Steinmetz equation characterizing the material. For the full-bridge dc–dc converter operating with the symmetrical square waveforms, a new extension of Steinmetz equation can be deduced based on the IGSE and the PWL model where D is the switching duty cycle. Bsqm is the peak flux density when the square waveform is with duty cycle, which can be obtained from According core loss can be determined by the number of turns, core cross section, excitation voltage, duty cycle, core volume, and material. The peak flux is inversely proportional with the frequency, and the exponent is higher than the exponent α in general magnetic materials. The Impact of Perceived Privacy Breach on Sustainability of Social Networking Sites Therefore, core loss will decrease with increasing frequency. The frequency leads to a tradeoff between winding loss and core loss, because high frequency significantly increases ac resistance, as presented before. With increasing number of turns, core loss can be benefited from the lower peak flux density but sacrificing winding loss. The Impact of Perceived Privacy Breach on Sustainability of Social Networking Sites Using several cores to be cascaded to increase the core cross section can minimize the flux density, but it also increases winding loss, because an extra length of winding is added.